As translators, we're all about systems and processes. If you work for an agency or agencies, then you are familiar with project management workflow. If you work with direct clients or small jobs for individuals, you still have a process -- approach, method, steps -- whether you realize it or not. One key to maximizing your effectiveness (notice I did not say productivity), is consciously identifying these steps to success and repeating them consistently. Checklists can help. Below is an example of how I approach translation projects. I take a similar approach to interpreting assignments with some adjustments for the difference in delivery mode, oral rather than written.
Questions to ask when bidding translation projects
For Translators:
How many words or pages is the document?
In what format is it? What is the subject matter?
In what format is the translation needed?
What is the deadline (always specify the time zone)?
Does the client have any reference material or existing translations?
How and when will the client pay you?
Questions to ask before starting a translation project
Text overview:
Theme
Purpose
Audience
Structure
Analysis of text:
Ideas
Purpose
Keywords and arguments (mind map)
Tone
Things to keep in mind:
Investigate unfamiliar terms and concepts
Review previously translated materials
Beware of false friends
Perform a group review (if you work with a team or partner)
Actions items after completing a translation project
Ask for feedback from collaborators (translation team, proofreaders, editors, etc.)
Ask for feedback from client
Ask for LinkedIn Recommendation and Endorsements (but only after the client has expressed their satisfaction with your work)
Hopefully this gives you some ideas. If you have something else that works for you, feel free to share it in the comments.